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.160 Lurier, tr.Crusaders as conquerors, pp.126, 131, 160–1.161 See map.P162 Hamilton, ‘Wisdom from the East’.50CDHIN5011/28/97, 10:39 AMHISTORICAL INTRODUCTIONhave in total about 500 members’ [45].These figures presumably represent fully initiated members, whom the Cathars called the perfect, and the number of ‘lay’ adherents would have been far greater.Sacconi was trying, for propaganda purposes, to minimise the threat posed by organized dualism to orthodox Christianity in East and West.If one takes a multiplier of 100 to estimate the proportion of believers to perfect, this only produces a figure of 55,000 dualist adherents scattered throughout the Balkan lands and the Greek and Latin Empires of Constantinople, and it seems likely that the true figure was much higher.No later western writer makes any reference to contemporary dualist movements in Bulgaria or the Byzantine lands, though the Papacy remained interested in Bosnia because it formed part of the western Church.Between 1247 and 1251 Innocent IV sought to establish stricter control over the Bosnian Church by making it subject to the primate of Hungary, but it seceded from papal obedience.163 It is often assumed that Bogomilism became the established Church of Bosnia at that point, but J.V.A.Fine has questioned this.While not disputing that there were Bogomils in Bosnia, he argues that the established Church remained the Catholic Church, which went into schism from Rome for political reasons, because the Bosnians did not wish to be under Hungarian control.164 The thirteenth-century evidence does not help to clarify this problem: the sources simply speak in general terms of the presence of heresy there and in the neighbouring regions.165In 1325 Pope John XXII complained to Prince Stefan Kotromanicˇ of Bosnia that ‘a great crowd of heretics from many different regions has gathered together and migrated to Bosnia’ [47].This may have been true, because there are virtually no reports of any Cathar perfect in the West after that date.166 A strategic withdrawal to Bosnia, where dualism had been tolerated since the late twelfth century, may have seemed the best solution to the Cathars of western Europe after ninety years of persecution, if, that is, they had retained enough organization to make concerted plans.In this collection we have not attempted to deal with the subsequent history of Bosnian Bogomilism.Considerations of space have chiefly 163 Fine, The Bosnian Church, pp.145–8.164 Ibid., pp.148–57 (this is the thesis of the whole book).For a different view, see Sanjek, Les Chrétiens bosniaques.165 E.g.CICO ser.III, V(I), no.12, pp.41–2; V (II), no.49, pp.92–5.166 ‘The last [Cathar] bishop to be reported in Western Europe was captured in Tuscany in 1321; survivors continued for a time to find refuge, possibly in the Lombard countryside and the Alps’ (Lambert, Medieval heresy, p.144).P51CDHIN5111/28/97, 10:39 AMCHRISTIAN DUALIST HERESIESdictated this decision.There is a great deal of material about the Bosnian Church in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and it would merit treatment in a separate monograph.167The end of BogomilismIn 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII (1259–82) recovered Constantinople, and the Latin Empire came to an end.The restored Byzantine state was small and fragile, consisting of western Anatolia, Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly and Epirus.Venetians held many of the Greek islands, while Frankish princes continued to rule much of central and southern Greece.In the reign of Andronicus II (1282–1328) almost all the Asian lands were lost to the Turks, and soon after his death the European lands of the empire were halved by the conquests of Stephen Dušan of Serbia (1331–55).Then in 1354 the Ottoman Turks seized Gallipoli and embarked on their conquest of the Balkans [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.160 Lurier, tr.Crusaders as conquerors, pp.126, 131, 160–1.161 See map.P162 Hamilton, ‘Wisdom from the East’.50CDHIN5011/28/97, 10:39 AMHISTORICAL INTRODUCTIONhave in total about 500 members’ [45].These figures presumably represent fully initiated members, whom the Cathars called the perfect, and the number of ‘lay’ adherents would have been far greater.Sacconi was trying, for propaganda purposes, to minimise the threat posed by organized dualism to orthodox Christianity in East and West.If one takes a multiplier of 100 to estimate the proportion of believers to perfect, this only produces a figure of 55,000 dualist adherents scattered throughout the Balkan lands and the Greek and Latin Empires of Constantinople, and it seems likely that the true figure was much higher.No later western writer makes any reference to contemporary dualist movements in Bulgaria or the Byzantine lands, though the Papacy remained interested in Bosnia because it formed part of the western Church.Between 1247 and 1251 Innocent IV sought to establish stricter control over the Bosnian Church by making it subject to the primate of Hungary, but it seceded from papal obedience.163 It is often assumed that Bogomilism became the established Church of Bosnia at that point, but J.V.A.Fine has questioned this.While not disputing that there were Bogomils in Bosnia, he argues that the established Church remained the Catholic Church, which went into schism from Rome for political reasons, because the Bosnians did not wish to be under Hungarian control.164 The thirteenth-century evidence does not help to clarify this problem: the sources simply speak in general terms of the presence of heresy there and in the neighbouring regions.165In 1325 Pope John XXII complained to Prince Stefan Kotromanicˇ of Bosnia that ‘a great crowd of heretics from many different regions has gathered together and migrated to Bosnia’ [47].This may have been true, because there are virtually no reports of any Cathar perfect in the West after that date.166 A strategic withdrawal to Bosnia, where dualism had been tolerated since the late twelfth century, may have seemed the best solution to the Cathars of western Europe after ninety years of persecution, if, that is, they had retained enough organization to make concerted plans.In this collection we have not attempted to deal with the subsequent history of Bosnian Bogomilism.Considerations of space have chiefly 163 Fine, The Bosnian Church, pp.145–8.164 Ibid., pp.148–57 (this is the thesis of the whole book).For a different view, see Sanjek, Les Chrétiens bosniaques.165 E.g.CICO ser.III, V(I), no.12, pp.41–2; V (II), no.49, pp.92–5.166 ‘The last [Cathar] bishop to be reported in Western Europe was captured in Tuscany in 1321; survivors continued for a time to find refuge, possibly in the Lombard countryside and the Alps’ (Lambert, Medieval heresy, p.144).P51CDHIN5111/28/97, 10:39 AMCHRISTIAN DUALIST HERESIESdictated this decision.There is a great deal of material about the Bosnian Church in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and it would merit treatment in a separate monograph.167The end of BogomilismIn 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII (1259–82) recovered Constantinople, and the Latin Empire came to an end.The restored Byzantine state was small and fragile, consisting of western Anatolia, Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly and Epirus.Venetians held many of the Greek islands, while Frankish princes continued to rule much of central and southern Greece.In the reign of Andronicus II (1282–1328) almost all the Asian lands were lost to the Turks, and soon after his death the European lands of the empire were halved by the conquests of Stephen Dušan of Serbia (1331–55).Then in 1354 the Ottoman Turks seized Gallipoli and embarked on their conquest of the Balkans [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]