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.Together with vehicles containing bothaccess points and subscriber units, tests are run to find outwhat may interfere with the signal and demonstrate a real-time cell site coverage area.After determining any interference issues and the beststrategic location for the cell site, a full site survey is done to CELL SITES 33establish the final plans for cell site deployment.Thisincludes having all the information about the types of mountsneeded as well as having potential interference-filteringmeasures defined.Certified network engineers then deter-mine the best base station configuration and orientation.Ifno problems are encountered, a tower can be up and runningwithin 6 weeks.RegulationThe Telecommunications Act of 1996 specifically leaves inplace the authority that local zoning authorities have over theplacement of cell towers.It does prohibit the denial of facili-ties siting based on radio frequency (RF) emissions if thelicensee has complied with the Federal CommunicationsCommission s (FCC s) regulations concerning RF emissions.Italso requires that denials be based on a reasoned approachand prohibits discrimination and outright bans on construc-tion, placement, and modification of wireless facilities.The FCC mandates that service providers build out theirsystems so that adequate service is provided to the public.Inaddition, all antenna structures used for communicationsmust be approved by the FCC, which determines if there isa reasonable possibility that the structure may constitute amenace to air navigation.The tower height and its proxim-ity to an airport or flight path will be considered when mak-ing this determination.If such a determination is made, theFCC will specify appropriate painting and lighting require-ments.Thus the FCC does not mandate where towers mustbe placed, but it may prohibit the placement of a tower in aparticular location without adequate lighting and marking.SummaryLow-powered transmitters are an inherent characteristic ofcellular radio and broadband personal communication ser-vices (PCS).As these systems mature and more subscribers 34 CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONSare added, the effective radiated power of the cell site trans-mitters is reduced so that frequencies can be reused at closerintervals, thereby increasing subscriber capacity.There aremore than 50,000 cell sites operating within the UnitedStates and its possessions and territories.Therefore, due tothe nature of frequency reuse and the consumer demand forservices, cellular and PCS providers must build numerousbase sites.The sheer number of towers has caused munici-palities to impose new requirements on service providers,such as requiring them to disguise new towers to look liketrees, which can add $150,000 to the cost of a tower.See alsoCellular Data CommunicationsCellular Voice CommunicationsMobile Telephone Switching OfficePersonal Communications ServicesCELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONSCELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONSOne of the oldest services for sending data over a cellularcommunications network is known as Cellular DigitalPacket Data (CDPD), which provides a way of passingInternet Protocol (IP) data packets over analog cellular voicenetworks at speeds of up to 19.2 kbps.Although CDPDemploys digital modulation and signal processing tech-niques, the underlying service is still analog.The mediumused to transport data consists of the idle radio channels typ-ically used for Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) cel-lular service.Channel hopping automatically searches out idle channeltimes between cellular voice calls.Packets of data selectavailable cellular channels and go out in short bursts withoutinterfering with voice communications.Alternatively, cellu-lar carriers also may dedicate voice channels for CDPD traf- CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONS 35fic to meet high traffic demand [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Together with vehicles containing bothaccess points and subscriber units, tests are run to find outwhat may interfere with the signal and demonstrate a real-time cell site coverage area.After determining any interference issues and the beststrategic location for the cell site, a full site survey is done to CELL SITES 33establish the final plans for cell site deployment.Thisincludes having all the information about the types of mountsneeded as well as having potential interference-filteringmeasures defined.Certified network engineers then deter-mine the best base station configuration and orientation.Ifno problems are encountered, a tower can be up and runningwithin 6 weeks.RegulationThe Telecommunications Act of 1996 specifically leaves inplace the authority that local zoning authorities have over theplacement of cell towers.It does prohibit the denial of facili-ties siting based on radio frequency (RF) emissions if thelicensee has complied with the Federal CommunicationsCommission s (FCC s) regulations concerning RF emissions.Italso requires that denials be based on a reasoned approachand prohibits discrimination and outright bans on construc-tion, placement, and modification of wireless facilities.The FCC mandates that service providers build out theirsystems so that adequate service is provided to the public.Inaddition, all antenna structures used for communicationsmust be approved by the FCC, which determines if there isa reasonable possibility that the structure may constitute amenace to air navigation.The tower height and its proxim-ity to an airport or flight path will be considered when mak-ing this determination.If such a determination is made, theFCC will specify appropriate painting and lighting require-ments.Thus the FCC does not mandate where towers mustbe placed, but it may prohibit the placement of a tower in aparticular location without adequate lighting and marking.SummaryLow-powered transmitters are an inherent characteristic ofcellular radio and broadband personal communication ser-vices (PCS).As these systems mature and more subscribers 34 CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONSare added, the effective radiated power of the cell site trans-mitters is reduced so that frequencies can be reused at closerintervals, thereby increasing subscriber capacity.There aremore than 50,000 cell sites operating within the UnitedStates and its possessions and territories.Therefore, due tothe nature of frequency reuse and the consumer demand forservices, cellular and PCS providers must build numerousbase sites.The sheer number of towers has caused munici-palities to impose new requirements on service providers,such as requiring them to disguise new towers to look liketrees, which can add $150,000 to the cost of a tower.See alsoCellular Data CommunicationsCellular Voice CommunicationsMobile Telephone Switching OfficePersonal Communications ServicesCELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONSCELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONSOne of the oldest services for sending data over a cellularcommunications network is known as Cellular DigitalPacket Data (CDPD), which provides a way of passingInternet Protocol (IP) data packets over analog cellular voicenetworks at speeds of up to 19.2 kbps.Although CDPDemploys digital modulation and signal processing tech-niques, the underlying service is still analog.The mediumused to transport data consists of the idle radio channels typ-ically used for Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) cel-lular service.Channel hopping automatically searches out idle channeltimes between cellular voice calls.Packets of data selectavailable cellular channels and go out in short bursts withoutinterfering with voice communications.Alternatively, cellu-lar carriers also may dedicate voice channels for CDPD traf- CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATIONS 35fic to meet high traffic demand [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]