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.spinney.Small woodland.Spinoza, Baruch de.(1632 1677) Dutch philosopher. Spitsbergen / stalemate 317ýÿSpitsbergen.Norwegian island in the Svalvard archipelago in theArctic Ocean.spittoon.split infinitives.The belief that it is a serious breach of grammar tosplit an infinitive (that is, to put an adverb between to and averb as in to boldly go ) is without foundation.It is certainlynot a grammatical error.If it is an error at all, it is a rhetoricalfault a question of style and not a grammatical one.It ispractically impossible to find a recognized authority who con-demns the split infinitive.spoliation, not spoil-, for the state of being spoiled.spontaneous, spontaneity.spoonfuls.Not spoonsful or spoons full.Spratly Islands.South China Sea.springbok.An antelope.squeegee.Device for cleaning windows.Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; site of infamous massacre of8,000 citizens by Serbian forces in 1995.Sri Lanka.Island state off India, formerly called Ceylon; capitalColombo.Note the airline is SriLankan (one word) Airlines.SS.Abbreviation of Schutzstaffel, infamous Nazi enforcementagency.staccato.Stakhanovite.In the former Soviet Union, a worker held up to thenation as a paragon.stalactite, stalagmite.Stalactites point downward, stalagmites up-ward.stalemate is a permanent deadlock one so intractable that no fur-ther action is possible.A chess match that reaches stalemate isnot awaiting a more decisive outcome; the stalemate is the out-come.Standoff, deadlock, or impasse are all better words if reme-dial action is still possible. 318 Stamford, Stanford / Steffens, LincolnStamford, Stanford.Occasionally confused.Stamford is the name ofnotable communities in Connecticut and the English county ofLincolnshire.Stanford is the university in Palo Alto, California.The intelligence test is the Stanford-Binet test.stanch, staunch.Although staunch is given as an acceptable variantby most dictionaries, stanch is still generally the preferredspelling for the verb meaning to arrest the flow.As an adjective,staunch is the only spelling ( a staunch supporter ).stanchion.St.Andrews, (no apos.) Scotland, site of St.Andrews Universityand golf s most revered course, the Royal and Ancient GolfClub.St.Andrew s Day.(Apos.) November 30.Stanislavsky system.Method of acting named for KonstantinStanislavsky, a Russian teacher.Stansted Airport, England.St.Antony s College, Oxford University.staphylococcus, a type of bacteria; pl.staphylococci.starboard.The right-hand side of a ship when looking forward.Stasi.Short for Staatssicherheitsdienst, Ministry for State Securityin East Germany before unification.stationary, stationery.The first means standing still, the second iswriting paper and envelopes.St.Barthélemy, French West Indies.St.Benet s Hall, Oxford University.St.Catharine s College, Cambridge University, but St.Catherine s Col-lege, Oxford University.St.Catherines, Ontario.St.Christopher and Nevis, Federation of.Formal name of Caribbeanstate commonly known as St.Kitts-Nevis.St.Croix, U.S.Virgin Islands, formerly Santa Cruz; pronounced kroy.Steffens, Lincoln.(1866 1936) Campaigning American journalist. Stendhal / stony 319ýÿStendhal.(1783 1842) Not -dahl.Pen name of Marie Henri Beyle,French writer.Sterne, Laurence.(1713 1768) English clergyman and writer.stethoscope.stevedore.Stevens, Wallace.(1879 1955) American poet.Stevenson, Adlai.(1900 1965) American Democratic politician, ranunsuccessfully for president in 1952 and 1956.Stevenson, Robert Louis.(1850 1894) Scottish writer.St.-Germain-des-Prés, Paris.St.Helens, Mt.Volcano in Washington State, which famously eruptedon May 18, 1980.sticky.Stieglitz, Alfred.(1864 1946) American photographer.stiletto, pl.stilettos.still lifes for the plural.stilton for the cheese, but Stilton for the English village where it orig-inated.St.James Garlickhythe, London church.St.James s, not James , for the London palace, park, and square.Diplomats likewise are posted to the Court of St.James s.St.Katharine s Dock, London.Not Kather-.St.Kitts and Nevis is the common name for the Caribbean state for-mally known as the Federation of St.Christopher and Nevis;capital Basseterre.Residents are known as Kittians or Nevisians.St.Maarten/St.Martin.Caribbean island divided into Dutch andFrench sides, respectively.St.Martin-in-the-Fields, London.St.Mary-le-Bow (hyphens), but St.Mary le Strand; London churches.Stockhausen, Karlheinz.(1928 ) German composer.Stolichnaya.Brand of vodka.stony. 320 Storey, David / Streisand, BarbraStorey, David.(1933 ) English novelist and playwright.Storting.Norwegian parliament.St.Pierre and Miquelon.French islands off east coast of Canada; for-mally they are a territorial collectivity.Stradivarius.A violin or other stringed instrument made by AntonioStradivari (c.1645 1737).straitjacket.straitlaced.Strasbourg, France.strata, stratum.The first is sometimes used when the second is in-tended, as in They dug into another strata and at last foundwhat they were looking for. A single level is a stratum.Stratasignifies more than one.Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).Commonly called star wars ; planpropounded by President Ronald Reagan to erect a shield ofspace weapons over the United States to stop incoming mis-siles.Stratford-on-Avon, Stratford-upon-Avon.Most gazetteers and other ref-erence sources give Stratford-upon-Avon as the correct namefor the birthplace of William Shakespeare, but it is worth notingthat the local authority calls itself Stratford-on-Avon DistrictCouncil.Strauss, Johann, the Younger.(1825 1899) Austrian composer known forwaltzes, polkas, marches, and operettas.His father, Johann Straussthe Elder (1804 1849), brothers Eduard (1835 1916) and Josef(1827 1870), and son Johann Strauss III (1866 1939) were also com-posers.None of them should be confused with the next entry.Strauss, Richard.(1864 1949) German composer of operas and othermusical works.Stravinsky, Igor.(1882 1971) Russian-born American composer.Streep, Meryl.(1951 ) American actress.Streisand, Barbra.(1942 ) American singer and actress; not Barbara. Strindberg, August / succubus 321ýÿStrindberg, August.(1849 1912) Swedish playwright and writer.strived, strove.Either is acceptable.Stroessner, Alfredo.(1912 2006) President of Paraguay (1954 1989).Stroganoff.(Cap.) Strips of meat cooked in a sour-cream sauce.strychnine.St.Swithin s (or Swithun s) Day.July 15.According to legend, rain onthat day will be followed by forty more days of rain.Stuka.(Cap.) German dive bomber in World War II.stupefy, stupefied, stupefaction.Don t confuse the spelling with stupid.Sturm und Drang.(Ger.) Storm and stress. Stuttgart, Germany.Stuyvesant, Peter.(1592 1672) Dutch governor of New Netherlands(1646 64), which later became New York.St.Vincent and the Grenadines.Caribbean state; capital Kingstown.stylus, pl.styluses/styli.stymie.Thwart or immobilize.Styrofoam is a trademark.Styx.The river flowing around Hades.submersible.suborn does not mean undermine, as is sometimes thought; it is toinduce someone into committing a wrongful act.subpoena.A writ ordering a person to appear in court.sub rosa.(Lat.) Under the rose ; in secret.sub silentio.(Lat.) In silence.substitute should be followed only by for.You substitute one thingfor another.If you find yourself following the word with by orwith or any other preposition, you should choose another verb.subterranean.succès d estime.(Fr.) An undertaking that makes little or no profitbut wins critical acclaim.succès fou.(Fr.) A huge success, a smash hit.succubus.A female evil spirit that has sexual relations with a man. 322 Sucre / Surayud Chulanont, GeneralA spirit that has intercourse with a sleeping female is an in-cubus.Sucre.Official capital of Bolivia, although the seat of government isLa Paz.Sudetenland [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.spinney.Small woodland.Spinoza, Baruch de.(1632 1677) Dutch philosopher. Spitsbergen / stalemate 317ýÿSpitsbergen.Norwegian island in the Svalvard archipelago in theArctic Ocean.spittoon.split infinitives.The belief that it is a serious breach of grammar tosplit an infinitive (that is, to put an adverb between to and averb as in to boldly go ) is without foundation.It is certainlynot a grammatical error.If it is an error at all, it is a rhetoricalfault a question of style and not a grammatical one.It ispractically impossible to find a recognized authority who con-demns the split infinitive.spoliation, not spoil-, for the state of being spoiled.spontaneous, spontaneity.spoonfuls.Not spoonsful or spoons full.Spratly Islands.South China Sea.springbok.An antelope.squeegee.Device for cleaning windows.Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina; site of infamous massacre of8,000 citizens by Serbian forces in 1995.Sri Lanka.Island state off India, formerly called Ceylon; capitalColombo.Note the airline is SriLankan (one word) Airlines.SS.Abbreviation of Schutzstaffel, infamous Nazi enforcementagency.staccato.Stakhanovite.In the former Soviet Union, a worker held up to thenation as a paragon.stalactite, stalagmite.Stalactites point downward, stalagmites up-ward.stalemate is a permanent deadlock one so intractable that no fur-ther action is possible.A chess match that reaches stalemate isnot awaiting a more decisive outcome; the stalemate is the out-come.Standoff, deadlock, or impasse are all better words if reme-dial action is still possible. 318 Stamford, Stanford / Steffens, LincolnStamford, Stanford.Occasionally confused.Stamford is the name ofnotable communities in Connecticut and the English county ofLincolnshire.Stanford is the university in Palo Alto, California.The intelligence test is the Stanford-Binet test.stanch, staunch.Although staunch is given as an acceptable variantby most dictionaries, stanch is still generally the preferredspelling for the verb meaning to arrest the flow.As an adjective,staunch is the only spelling ( a staunch supporter ).stanchion.St.Andrews, (no apos.) Scotland, site of St.Andrews Universityand golf s most revered course, the Royal and Ancient GolfClub.St.Andrew s Day.(Apos.) November 30.Stanislavsky system.Method of acting named for KonstantinStanislavsky, a Russian teacher.Stansted Airport, England.St.Antony s College, Oxford University.staphylococcus, a type of bacteria; pl.staphylococci.starboard.The right-hand side of a ship when looking forward.Stasi.Short for Staatssicherheitsdienst, Ministry for State Securityin East Germany before unification.stationary, stationery.The first means standing still, the second iswriting paper and envelopes.St.Barthélemy, French West Indies.St.Benet s Hall, Oxford University.St.Catharine s College, Cambridge University, but St.Catherine s Col-lege, Oxford University.St.Catherines, Ontario.St.Christopher and Nevis, Federation of.Formal name of Caribbeanstate commonly known as St.Kitts-Nevis.St.Croix, U.S.Virgin Islands, formerly Santa Cruz; pronounced kroy.Steffens, Lincoln.(1866 1936) Campaigning American journalist. Stendhal / stony 319ýÿStendhal.(1783 1842) Not -dahl.Pen name of Marie Henri Beyle,French writer.Sterne, Laurence.(1713 1768) English clergyman and writer.stethoscope.stevedore.Stevens, Wallace.(1879 1955) American poet.Stevenson, Adlai.(1900 1965) American Democratic politician, ranunsuccessfully for president in 1952 and 1956.Stevenson, Robert Louis.(1850 1894) Scottish writer.St.-Germain-des-Prés, Paris.St.Helens, Mt.Volcano in Washington State, which famously eruptedon May 18, 1980.sticky.Stieglitz, Alfred.(1864 1946) American photographer.stiletto, pl.stilettos.still lifes for the plural.stilton for the cheese, but Stilton for the English village where it orig-inated.St.James Garlickhythe, London church.St.James s, not James , for the London palace, park, and square.Diplomats likewise are posted to the Court of St.James s.St.Katharine s Dock, London.Not Kather-.St.Kitts and Nevis is the common name for the Caribbean state for-mally known as the Federation of St.Christopher and Nevis;capital Basseterre.Residents are known as Kittians or Nevisians.St.Maarten/St.Martin.Caribbean island divided into Dutch andFrench sides, respectively.St.Martin-in-the-Fields, London.St.Mary-le-Bow (hyphens), but St.Mary le Strand; London churches.Stockhausen, Karlheinz.(1928 ) German composer.Stolichnaya.Brand of vodka.stony. 320 Storey, David / Streisand, BarbraStorey, David.(1933 ) English novelist and playwright.Storting.Norwegian parliament.St.Pierre and Miquelon.French islands off east coast of Canada; for-mally they are a territorial collectivity.Stradivarius.A violin or other stringed instrument made by AntonioStradivari (c.1645 1737).straitjacket.straitlaced.Strasbourg, France.strata, stratum.The first is sometimes used when the second is in-tended, as in They dug into another strata and at last foundwhat they were looking for. A single level is a stratum.Stratasignifies more than one.Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).Commonly called star wars ; planpropounded by President Ronald Reagan to erect a shield ofspace weapons over the United States to stop incoming mis-siles.Stratford-on-Avon, Stratford-upon-Avon.Most gazetteers and other ref-erence sources give Stratford-upon-Avon as the correct namefor the birthplace of William Shakespeare, but it is worth notingthat the local authority calls itself Stratford-on-Avon DistrictCouncil.Strauss, Johann, the Younger.(1825 1899) Austrian composer known forwaltzes, polkas, marches, and operettas.His father, Johann Straussthe Elder (1804 1849), brothers Eduard (1835 1916) and Josef(1827 1870), and son Johann Strauss III (1866 1939) were also com-posers.None of them should be confused with the next entry.Strauss, Richard.(1864 1949) German composer of operas and othermusical works.Stravinsky, Igor.(1882 1971) Russian-born American composer.Streep, Meryl.(1951 ) American actress.Streisand, Barbra.(1942 ) American singer and actress; not Barbara. Strindberg, August / succubus 321ýÿStrindberg, August.(1849 1912) Swedish playwright and writer.strived, strove.Either is acceptable.Stroessner, Alfredo.(1912 2006) President of Paraguay (1954 1989).Stroganoff.(Cap.) Strips of meat cooked in a sour-cream sauce.strychnine.St.Swithin s (or Swithun s) Day.July 15.According to legend, rain onthat day will be followed by forty more days of rain.Stuka.(Cap.) German dive bomber in World War II.stupefy, stupefied, stupefaction.Don t confuse the spelling with stupid.Sturm und Drang.(Ger.) Storm and stress. Stuttgart, Germany.Stuyvesant, Peter.(1592 1672) Dutch governor of New Netherlands(1646 64), which later became New York.St.Vincent and the Grenadines.Caribbean state; capital Kingstown.stylus, pl.styluses/styli.stymie.Thwart or immobilize.Styrofoam is a trademark.Styx.The river flowing around Hades.submersible.suborn does not mean undermine, as is sometimes thought; it is toinduce someone into committing a wrongful act.subpoena.A writ ordering a person to appear in court.sub rosa.(Lat.) Under the rose ; in secret.sub silentio.(Lat.) In silence.substitute should be followed only by for.You substitute one thingfor another.If you find yourself following the word with by orwith or any other preposition, you should choose another verb.subterranean.succès d estime.(Fr.) An undertaking that makes little or no profitbut wins critical acclaim.succès fou.(Fr.) A huge success, a smash hit.succubus.A female evil spirit that has sexual relations with a man. 322 Sucre / Surayud Chulanont, GeneralA spirit that has intercourse with a sleeping female is an in-cubus.Sucre.Official capital of Bolivia, although the seat of government isLa Paz.Sudetenland [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]