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.As noted, our data confirm that a majorityof black youth (58 percent) indicate that they listen to rap music everyday.And while a substantial literature has emerged detailing the his-tory and current manifestations of hip-hop culture, there has also beena surge in substantial writing and some research warning of the pos-sible negative impact of hip-hop culture on young African Americans,stemming from its perceived focus on and promotion of sex, drugs,crime, misogyny, consumerism, and nihilism.There is, however, verylittle systematic work that has empirically tested such propositions.Our data suggest that there is an impact on political attitudes but thatthe force of rap exposure is constrained when it comes to attitudesabout the government.In addition to rap music and videos being related to greater alien-ation, so are experiences with personal discrimination and feelings oflinked fate among black youth.Again, we find relatively mild effectsfor both influences." Black youth who report the highest levels of experiences withpersonal discrimination are 5 percent less likely to hold positivefeelings toward government officials than black youth with noexperience with personal discrimination." Similarly, a young black person who feels that what happensto other black people will affect him or her is 3 percent lesslikely to hold positive feelings about government officials than ayoung black person who does not feel this sense of linked fate. Minority Report 135 It is only a feeling of political efficacy that can bolster the positivefeelings black youth have about government officials.The belief thatone is politically efficacious diminishes negative feelings toward thegovernment." A young black person with the highest level of political efficacyis 5 percent more likely to hold positive feelings towardgovernment officials than a young black person with little tono political efficacy.The model for white and Latino youth found similar and differ-ent patterns for variables related to attitudes toward the government.Among whites, experience with personal discrimination was related tonegative feelings toward the government.There were, however, a num-ber of other factors that corresponded with positive feelings toward thegovernment for white youth.Those whose parents were interested inpolitics, those who were engaged in activities at their place of worship,and those who had a sense of political efficacy were likely to have morepositive attitudes toward government officials.Latino youth were sim-ilarly positively impacted by feelings of political efficacy.In addition,among Latino youth, experiences with personal discrimination andbeing older corresponded to less positive evaluations of governmentofficials similar to those of black youth.Interestingly, Latinos were theonly group where sex was statistically significant in our models, withLatina or Hispanic young women and girls demonstrating less alien-ation from government officials than young Latino men and boys.When we perform a similar analysis to understand what factors arerelated to the political alienation dimension of feeling fully included inthe political community, far fewer clues materialize (see appendix A).Interestingly, while the number of variables in our model that dem-onstrated statistical significance is much smaller, the magnitude ofthe effects is much larger.For example, personal experience with dis-crimination once again emerges as a significant component related tofeelings of full inclusion in the political community.Specifically, one sdaily experiences with discrimination based on factors such as race,gender, age, or class seems to have a negative impact on one s feelingsof inclusion." Black youth who score the highest in terms of experiences withpersonal discrimination are 34 percent less likely to feel likefull and equal citizens, compared to black youth who score thelowest on the personal discrimination scale.136 Democracy Remixed The only good news in this finding is that by far, the majority ofblack youth do not score at the highest level in terms of experienceswith personal discrimination.In fact, only 9 percent of black youth indi-cate they have experienced personal discrimination often or very often.The bad news is that even when we look at the differences between theblack youth who are average or at the mean in terms of their experi-ences with personal discrimination and those who indicate that theyhave never experienced discrimination, there is a substantial differencein the probability of them feeling like full and equal citizens." Black youth who register an average number of experienceswith personal discrimination are 10 percent less likely to feellike full and equal citizens, compared to those black youth whoreport having experienced no discrimination.In contrast to declining feelings of inclusion, our data suggest, blackyouth who feel politically efficacious are also more likely to report feel-ing a part of the political community.Of course, it is difficult to deci-pher whether political efficacy leads to greater feelings of inclusion orif feeling included leads to greater efficacy.And while some statisticaltests allow us to try and disentangle the question of causality, for thisanalysis we will be content to highlight the relationship without mak-ing claims about what is causing what." Young black Americans who register the highest levels ofpolitical efficacy are 29 percent more likely to feel like full andequal citizens, compared to those black youth at the lowestlevels of our political efficacy scale [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.As noted, our data confirm that a majorityof black youth (58 percent) indicate that they listen to rap music everyday.And while a substantial literature has emerged detailing the his-tory and current manifestations of hip-hop culture, there has also beena surge in substantial writing and some research warning of the pos-sible negative impact of hip-hop culture on young African Americans,stemming from its perceived focus on and promotion of sex, drugs,crime, misogyny, consumerism, and nihilism.There is, however, verylittle systematic work that has empirically tested such propositions.Our data suggest that there is an impact on political attitudes but thatthe force of rap exposure is constrained when it comes to attitudesabout the government.In addition to rap music and videos being related to greater alien-ation, so are experiences with personal discrimination and feelings oflinked fate among black youth.Again, we find relatively mild effectsfor both influences." Black youth who report the highest levels of experiences withpersonal discrimination are 5 percent less likely to hold positivefeelings toward government officials than black youth with noexperience with personal discrimination." Similarly, a young black person who feels that what happensto other black people will affect him or her is 3 percent lesslikely to hold positive feelings about government officials than ayoung black person who does not feel this sense of linked fate. Minority Report 135 It is only a feeling of political efficacy that can bolster the positivefeelings black youth have about government officials.The belief thatone is politically efficacious diminishes negative feelings toward thegovernment." A young black person with the highest level of political efficacyis 5 percent more likely to hold positive feelings towardgovernment officials than a young black person with little tono political efficacy.The model for white and Latino youth found similar and differ-ent patterns for variables related to attitudes toward the government.Among whites, experience with personal discrimination was related tonegative feelings toward the government.There were, however, a num-ber of other factors that corresponded with positive feelings toward thegovernment for white youth.Those whose parents were interested inpolitics, those who were engaged in activities at their place of worship,and those who had a sense of political efficacy were likely to have morepositive attitudes toward government officials.Latino youth were sim-ilarly positively impacted by feelings of political efficacy.In addition,among Latino youth, experiences with personal discrimination andbeing older corresponded to less positive evaluations of governmentofficials similar to those of black youth.Interestingly, Latinos were theonly group where sex was statistically significant in our models, withLatina or Hispanic young women and girls demonstrating less alien-ation from government officials than young Latino men and boys.When we perform a similar analysis to understand what factors arerelated to the political alienation dimension of feeling fully included inthe political community, far fewer clues materialize (see appendix A).Interestingly, while the number of variables in our model that dem-onstrated statistical significance is much smaller, the magnitude ofthe effects is much larger.For example, personal experience with dis-crimination once again emerges as a significant component related tofeelings of full inclusion in the political community.Specifically, one sdaily experiences with discrimination based on factors such as race,gender, age, or class seems to have a negative impact on one s feelingsof inclusion." Black youth who score the highest in terms of experiences withpersonal discrimination are 34 percent less likely to feel likefull and equal citizens, compared to black youth who score thelowest on the personal discrimination scale.136 Democracy Remixed The only good news in this finding is that by far, the majority ofblack youth do not score at the highest level in terms of experienceswith personal discrimination.In fact, only 9 percent of black youth indi-cate they have experienced personal discrimination often or very often.The bad news is that even when we look at the differences between theblack youth who are average or at the mean in terms of their experi-ences with personal discrimination and those who indicate that theyhave never experienced discrimination, there is a substantial differencein the probability of them feeling like full and equal citizens." Black youth who register an average number of experienceswith personal discrimination are 10 percent less likely to feellike full and equal citizens, compared to those black youth whoreport having experienced no discrimination.In contrast to declining feelings of inclusion, our data suggest, blackyouth who feel politically efficacious are also more likely to report feel-ing a part of the political community.Of course, it is difficult to deci-pher whether political efficacy leads to greater feelings of inclusion orif feeling included leads to greater efficacy.And while some statisticaltests allow us to try and disentangle the question of causality, for thisanalysis we will be content to highlight the relationship without mak-ing claims about what is causing what." Young black Americans who register the highest levels ofpolitical efficacy are 29 percent more likely to feel like full andequal citizens, compared to those black youth at the lowestlevels of our political efficacy scale [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]