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.He recordeda song, A White Man s Heaven is a Black Man s Hell ; changed his namefirst to Louis X and then to Louis Farrakhan; and became one of the mostcontroversial leaders of the Nation of Islam.Farrakhan was born in New York on May 11, 1933.He attended Winston-Salem Teachers College before working as a calypso singer.In 1955, hejoined the Nation of Islam, ultimately moving to New York to work withElijah Muhammad and Malcolm X.When Malcolm X left the Nation ofIslam in 1964, Farrakhan replaced him as minister of Mosque NumberSeven in Harlem.A split in the membership of the Nation of Islam occurred with the deathof Elijah Muhammad in 1975.Farrakhan served as head of the Nationof Islam, and Muhammad s son formed a new group, known as the MuslimAmerican Community.Farrakhan has become a controversial, if highly visible, leader of theNation of Islam.Many of his speeches have been marked by rhetoricconsidered racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic.In 1983, Farrakhan supportedJesse Jackson during his campaign for the presidency, often appearing withJackson at campaign rallies and speeches, until his anti-Semitic commentsbegan to cause problems for the Jackson campaign.Farrakhan ultimatelywas asked to leave the Jackson campaign, and Jackson was forced topublicly distance himself from the controversial leader.In 1995, Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X, was accused ofplotting to murder Farrakhan following her mother s public accusation thatFarrakhan was involved in Malcolm X s assassination.In that same year,Farrakhan organized the Million Man March, a highly successful gatheringof hundreds of thousands of African-American men in Washington.Themarch s stated aim to unify a million committed, dedicated, inspiredblack men for a day of atonement was extremely popular, but Farrakhan sspeeches alienated as many as the march attracted.He remains a highlycontroversial leader of the Nation of Islam. 70MALCOLM Xleaders, whom he scathingly described as men with blackbodies and white heads. He ridiculed anyone who believedthe American government would agree to major racial reformswithout the threat of a massive black uprising.Revolutions, henoted pointedly, are rarely bloodless.Even though he called for blacks to denounce whites,Malcolm X was uncomfortable being depicted as a man whopreached hate.He saw himself as some one who was seeking topromote unity among Muslims and blacks, not as a violentfanatic.Yet when he was questioned about his views, he oftengave blunt answers that offended many people, both black andwhite.He believed there is no such thing as bad publicityand used the media to spread his reputation.Malcolm X s confrontational manner made him a tremen-dous success as a public speaker.Audiences enjoyed his abrasivestyle so much that he became one of the most popular speakerson the college lecture circuit.There he discovered that manywhite students applauded his efforts and seemed to be genuinelycommitted to solving the country s racial problems.He heldout the hope that the younger generation would not repeatthe mistakes of their elders.A RIFT FORMSIn 1962, with Elijah Muhammad still plagued by poor health,Malcolm X was appointed the national minister of the Nation ofIslam.In this role, he was officially recognized as acting primeminister for Muhammad and heir apparent to the group sleadership.His appointment, however, aroused the jealousy ofother Black Muslims among them John Ali who wanted tohead the Nation, and Malcolm X soon began to suspect hisrivals were turning Muhammad against him.Initially, all Malcolm X heard were rumors that he was tryingto usurp power from Muhammad.Then his name and picturebegan to appear less frequently in Muhammad Speaks, the editingand production of which had been taken away from him and 71Thunder in the Ghettoreassigned to the Nation s headquarters in Chicago.Next, he wastold by Muhammad to decline all invitations to appear onprominent television news broadcasts.Clearly, a rift was formingbetween the Messenger and his onetime favorite minister.Events in the larger political arena were also troublingMalcolm X at this time.In April 1962, a confrontation betweenBlack Muslims and police in Los Angeles left one group memberdead and a dozen others wounded.Malcolm X wanted to retali-ate by attacking the police, but the Nation s other leaders wereunwilling to risk further trouble and forbade him to do anythingmore than make angry speeches.He perceived this as a weakresponse and believed many people would begin to questionwhether the Black Muslims deserved their militant reputation.As the infighting continued, Malcolm X remained the heartand soul of militant black resistance for many ghetto dwellerseven though he was on bad terms with the majority of themainstream black leaders.In August 1963, when more than200,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., to sing hymnsand march in support of racial understanding and greater civilrights legislation, he watched the demonstration from thesidelines and called the march a wasted effort.He toldreporters, I don t believe we re going to overcome [by] singing [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.He recordeda song, A White Man s Heaven is a Black Man s Hell ; changed his namefirst to Louis X and then to Louis Farrakhan; and became one of the mostcontroversial leaders of the Nation of Islam.Farrakhan was born in New York on May 11, 1933.He attended Winston-Salem Teachers College before working as a calypso singer.In 1955, hejoined the Nation of Islam, ultimately moving to New York to work withElijah Muhammad and Malcolm X.When Malcolm X left the Nation ofIslam in 1964, Farrakhan replaced him as minister of Mosque NumberSeven in Harlem.A split in the membership of the Nation of Islam occurred with the deathof Elijah Muhammad in 1975.Farrakhan served as head of the Nationof Islam, and Muhammad s son formed a new group, known as the MuslimAmerican Community.Farrakhan has become a controversial, if highly visible, leader of theNation of Islam.Many of his speeches have been marked by rhetoricconsidered racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic.In 1983, Farrakhan supportedJesse Jackson during his campaign for the presidency, often appearing withJackson at campaign rallies and speeches, until his anti-Semitic commentsbegan to cause problems for the Jackson campaign.Farrakhan ultimatelywas asked to leave the Jackson campaign, and Jackson was forced topublicly distance himself from the controversial leader.In 1995, Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X, was accused ofplotting to murder Farrakhan following her mother s public accusation thatFarrakhan was involved in Malcolm X s assassination.In that same year,Farrakhan organized the Million Man March, a highly successful gatheringof hundreds of thousands of African-American men in Washington.Themarch s stated aim to unify a million committed, dedicated, inspiredblack men for a day of atonement was extremely popular, but Farrakhan sspeeches alienated as many as the march attracted.He remains a highlycontroversial leader of the Nation of Islam. 70MALCOLM Xleaders, whom he scathingly described as men with blackbodies and white heads. He ridiculed anyone who believedthe American government would agree to major racial reformswithout the threat of a massive black uprising.Revolutions, henoted pointedly, are rarely bloodless.Even though he called for blacks to denounce whites,Malcolm X was uncomfortable being depicted as a man whopreached hate.He saw himself as some one who was seeking topromote unity among Muslims and blacks, not as a violentfanatic.Yet when he was questioned about his views, he oftengave blunt answers that offended many people, both black andwhite.He believed there is no such thing as bad publicityand used the media to spread his reputation.Malcolm X s confrontational manner made him a tremen-dous success as a public speaker.Audiences enjoyed his abrasivestyle so much that he became one of the most popular speakerson the college lecture circuit.There he discovered that manywhite students applauded his efforts and seemed to be genuinelycommitted to solving the country s racial problems.He heldout the hope that the younger generation would not repeatthe mistakes of their elders.A RIFT FORMSIn 1962, with Elijah Muhammad still plagued by poor health,Malcolm X was appointed the national minister of the Nation ofIslam.In this role, he was officially recognized as acting primeminister for Muhammad and heir apparent to the group sleadership.His appointment, however, aroused the jealousy ofother Black Muslims among them John Ali who wanted tohead the Nation, and Malcolm X soon began to suspect hisrivals were turning Muhammad against him.Initially, all Malcolm X heard were rumors that he was tryingto usurp power from Muhammad.Then his name and picturebegan to appear less frequently in Muhammad Speaks, the editingand production of which had been taken away from him and 71Thunder in the Ghettoreassigned to the Nation s headquarters in Chicago.Next, he wastold by Muhammad to decline all invitations to appear onprominent television news broadcasts.Clearly, a rift was formingbetween the Messenger and his onetime favorite minister.Events in the larger political arena were also troublingMalcolm X at this time.In April 1962, a confrontation betweenBlack Muslims and police in Los Angeles left one group memberdead and a dozen others wounded.Malcolm X wanted to retali-ate by attacking the police, but the Nation s other leaders wereunwilling to risk further trouble and forbade him to do anythingmore than make angry speeches.He perceived this as a weakresponse and believed many people would begin to questionwhether the Black Muslims deserved their militant reputation.As the infighting continued, Malcolm X remained the heartand soul of militant black resistance for many ghetto dwellerseven though he was on bad terms with the majority of themainstream black leaders.In August 1963, when more than200,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., to sing hymnsand march in support of racial understanding and greater civilrights legislation, he watched the demonstration from thesidelines and called the march a wasted effort.He toldreporters, I don t believe we re going to overcome [by] singing [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]