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.Archbishop Laud typified and embodied the spirit of the dominant church, and in addition he had unweariedenergy, industry, and determination.Sincere, practical, and brave, but narrow-minded and unsympathetic, heset about the work of reducing the church of England to absolute uniformity in accordance with the law as heinterpreted it.The Nonconformists had no rest; Puritan clergymen must conform; Puritan laymen must sufferunder the power of the church, which, dominated by its bishops and wedded to its idols, was becomingsteadily more powerful and all-inclusive.The reign of Charles was not marked by the passage of harsher lawsagainst the Puritans, but it was distinguished from all periods that preceded or followed it by the continuous,steady, and thorough-going application of those already in existence.It was under this regime that the great Puritan migration to America took place.The Puritans represented aclass of society which was much more ready to emigrate than the Catholics.As early as 1597 someimprisoned Brownists sent a petition to the Privy Council asking that they might be allowed to settle inAmerica; and four men of the same persuasion even went on a voyage to examine the land.[Footnote: CHAPTER XII 82Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 167.] In 1608 many Puritans seem to have prepared to emigrate to Virginia,when by Archbishop Bancroft's influence they were forbidden by the king to go, except with his expresspermission in each individual case.[Footnote: Stith, Hist, of Virginia, book II., year 1608.]The Separatists early became wanderers on the face of the earth, a now famous group of them leaving theirEnglish homes for Amsterdam, migrating thence to Leyden, and then, after hesitating between a Dutch and anEnglish colony and between North and South America, a portion settling themselves on Plymouth Harbor.[Footnote: Griffis, Pilgrims in Their Three Homes.] In all the history of early colonization there have beenfew such occasions as that of the year 1638, when fourteen ships bound for New England lay in the Thames atone time, and when three thousand settlers reached Boston within the same year.[Footnote: Authoritiesquoted in Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation, 344] Almost all the Englishmen who were ever to emigrateto New England left their homes during the twelve years between 1628 and 1640.Unfavorable economicconditions at home and the prospect of greater prosperity in the colony doubtless had their influence; but ofthe more than twenty thousand who passed from the old England to New England during that time, it is fair topresume that by far the greater number were more or less influenced by their Puritan opinions.The most decisive proof of this motive for emigration is the slacking of the tide of Puritan expatriation after1640.When Parliament, after eleven years of intermission, met in that year at Westminster in the fullappreciation of its power, one of its first actions was to order the impeachment and arrest of Archbishop Laud.At last the Puritans had their turn, and the assembling of Parliament found them no longer a scattered,disorganized, diversified element in the English church and nation; but, thanks to long persecution, a compactbody, austere in morals, dogmatic in religious belief, ready to make use of political means for religious ends,and determined to impose their asceticism and their orthodoxy on the English people so far as they might beable.[Footnote: Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 133.]A majority of Parliament, small but sufficient, were Puritans, as had probably been true of every Parliamentfor many years, had they been free to act.Their intentions showed themselves in a prompt inception ofreforms in the church, and the burdens of official ecclesiastical oppression were rapidly transferred to theshoulders of those who had previously bound the loads upon Puritan backs.In 1641 orders were issued by theHouse of Commons for the demolition of all images, altars, and crucifixes.[Footnote: Commons Journals, II.,279.] A commission known as the "Committee of Scandalous Ministers" was appointed, and proceeded todiscipline the clergy and to harass the universities.Demands for the harsher treatment of priests and Jesuitswere soon followed by plans for the diminution of the power of archbishops and bishops of the establishedchurch.The Court of High Commission was abolished July 5, 1641.[Footnote: 16 Chas.I., chap.ii.] Thearchbishops and bishops were removed from the House of Lords and the Privy Council by the act of February13, 1642.[Footnote: Ibid., chap, xxvii [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Archbishop Laud typified and embodied the spirit of the dominant church, and in addition he had unweariedenergy, industry, and determination.Sincere, practical, and brave, but narrow-minded and unsympathetic, heset about the work of reducing the church of England to absolute uniformity in accordance with the law as heinterpreted it.The Nonconformists had no rest; Puritan clergymen must conform; Puritan laymen must sufferunder the power of the church, which, dominated by its bishops and wedded to its idols, was becomingsteadily more powerful and all-inclusive.The reign of Charles was not marked by the passage of harsher lawsagainst the Puritans, but it was distinguished from all periods that preceded or followed it by the continuous,steady, and thorough-going application of those already in existence.It was under this regime that the great Puritan migration to America took place.The Puritans represented aclass of society which was much more ready to emigrate than the Catholics.As early as 1597 someimprisoned Brownists sent a petition to the Privy Council asking that they might be allowed to settle inAmerica; and four men of the same persuasion even went on a voyage to examine the land.[Footnote: CHAPTER XII 82Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 167.] In 1608 many Puritans seem to have prepared to emigrate to Virginia,when by Archbishop Bancroft's influence they were forbidden by the king to go, except with his expresspermission in each individual case.[Footnote: Stith, Hist, of Virginia, book II., year 1608.]The Separatists early became wanderers on the face of the earth, a now famous group of them leaving theirEnglish homes for Amsterdam, migrating thence to Leyden, and then, after hesitating between a Dutch and anEnglish colony and between North and South America, a portion settling themselves on Plymouth Harbor.[Footnote: Griffis, Pilgrims in Their Three Homes.] In all the history of early colonization there have beenfew such occasions as that of the year 1638, when fourteen ships bound for New England lay in the Thames atone time, and when three thousand settlers reached Boston within the same year.[Footnote: Authoritiesquoted in Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation, 344] Almost all the Englishmen who were ever to emigrateto New England left their homes during the twelve years between 1628 and 1640.Unfavorable economicconditions at home and the prospect of greater prosperity in the colony doubtless had their influence; but ofthe more than twenty thousand who passed from the old England to New England during that time, it is fair topresume that by far the greater number were more or less influenced by their Puritan opinions.The most decisive proof of this motive for emigration is the slacking of the tide of Puritan expatriation after1640.When Parliament, after eleven years of intermission, met in that year at Westminster in the fullappreciation of its power, one of its first actions was to order the impeachment and arrest of Archbishop Laud.At last the Puritans had their turn, and the assembling of Parliament found them no longer a scattered,disorganized, diversified element in the English church and nation; but, thanks to long persecution, a compactbody, austere in morals, dogmatic in religious belief, ready to make use of political means for religious ends,and determined to impose their asceticism and their orthodoxy on the English people so far as they might beable.[Footnote: Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 133.]A majority of Parliament, small but sufficient, were Puritans, as had probably been true of every Parliamentfor many years, had they been free to act.Their intentions showed themselves in a prompt inception ofreforms in the church, and the burdens of official ecclesiastical oppression were rapidly transferred to theshoulders of those who had previously bound the loads upon Puritan backs.In 1641 orders were issued by theHouse of Commons for the demolition of all images, altars, and crucifixes.[Footnote: Commons Journals, II.,279.] A commission known as the "Committee of Scandalous Ministers" was appointed, and proceeded todiscipline the clergy and to harass the universities.Demands for the harsher treatment of priests and Jesuitswere soon followed by plans for the diminution of the power of archbishops and bishops of the establishedchurch.The Court of High Commission was abolished July 5, 1641.[Footnote: 16 Chas.I., chap.ii.] Thearchbishops and bishops were removed from the House of Lords and the Privy Council by the act of February13, 1642.[Footnote: Ibid., chap, xxvii [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]