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.Some of these womeneventually married and left their jobs, but others remained single.Manyopened bank accounts and provided passage money to bring their brothersand sisters to the United States.Along with the Irish came the Germans.But unlike the Irish, they con-tinued to be the largest ethnic group arriving in all but three of the years be-tween 1854 and 1894.Before the end of the century more than 5 million Ger-mans reached the United States; in the twentieth century another 2 millioncame.The exodus, at first primarily from the rural and agricultural southernand western regions of Germany, fits the general pattern of immigration.Crop failures, high rents, high prices, and the changeover to an industrialeconomy stimulated the move.Conditions were not as bad as in impover-ished Ireland, but they were bad enough.One observer told of the poorwretches on the road to Strasbourg: There they go slowly along; their mis-erable tumbrils drawn by such starved dropping beasts, that your onlywonder is, how can they possibly reach Havre alive. Relatives and friendswho went first to America wrote glowing letters, for the most part, and thisin turn stimulated further waves.Rich farmers who saw a bleak future inGermany, poor ones who had no future, peasants and paupers whom thestate paid to leave, a handful of disappointed revolutionaries after 1848, andan assortment of artisans and professionals came in the 1840s and 1850s.In late 1854 reports circulated in the German states of large numbers ofshipwrecks and cholera epidemics at sea that resulted in death rates as highas 50 percent.At about the same time, nativist agitation in the United States A Wave of Immigrants, 1789 1890s 23reached a peak and the American economy turned downward.These factorsslowed immigration in the late 1850s.Then came the Civil War, which de-terred people already beset with their own troubles from emigrating.Between 1866 and 1873, however, a combination of American prosperityand European depression once again increased German emigration totals.Congressional passage of the 1862 Homestead Act granting free land to set-tlers, the convulsions in the German states owing to Bismarck s wars in the1860s, the high conscription rate, and low wages at home also promptedGerman emigration.When the United States suffered a severe depression be-tween 1873 and 1879, immigration figures were correspondingly depressed.But when the American economy improved, anxious Europeans once againdescended on American shores.Germans who believed that prosperitywould never be theirs at home left in record numbers; in 1882 more than250,000 passed through the immigration stations here.The American de-pressions of the late 1880s and 1893 1894 cut emigration sharply, but bythen an improved industrial economy in Germany provided greater oppor-tunities than in the past, and fewer Germans felt compelled to seek their for-tunes in the New World.Scandinavians the largest northwestern European group, after theBritish, Germans, and Irish, to populate America in the nineteenth cen-tury increased their numbers in the United States markedly after the CivilWar.The first group of nineteenth-century Scandinavians arrived in the au-tumn of 1825, when about 50 Norwegians settled in Kendall, New York,about 30 miles southwest of Rochester.In 1841 a Swedish colony developedin Pine Lake, Wisconsin.During the next decades, Scandinavians continuedto come, but never in the numbers that either the Irish or the Germans did.For example, Scandinavian immigration totaled only 2,830 in 1846 and notmuch more in 1865.After 1868, however, annual immigration from Nor-way, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland passed the 10,000 mark.Jacob Riis, so-cial reformer and friend of Theodore Roosevelt, for example, left Denmarkfor America in 1870.Like so many other immigrants, he arrived with littlebut a pair of strong hands, and stubbornness enough to do for two; [and] alsoa strong belief that in a free country, free from the dominion of custom, ofcaste, as well as of men, things would somehow come right in the end. Other Danes and Scandinavians obviously agreed, for annual immigrationfrom Scandinavia did not fall below 10,000 until the disruptions caused byWorld War I.In the 1920s, when other Europeans resumed their exodus, theScandinavians joined them.As in the case of the Irish and the Germans, Scandinavian immigrationcan be correlated to a large extent with economic conditions at home and inthe United States.Sweden enjoyed a period of good crop production between1850 and 1864; the years between 1865 and 1868, however, culminated in a 24 A Wave of Immigrants, 1789 1890sgreat famine that coincided with particularly bountiful times in the UnitedStates.During those years, the numbers of emigrants increased sharply, dou-bling from 1865 to 1866 and tripling from 9,000 in 1867 to 27,000 in 1868.The exodus from Norway of a large percentage of the nation s entire popula-tion at that time can be explained almost wholly by the industrial transfor-mation and the consequent disruptions at home.Norwegian migration canbe grouped into three significant periods: from 1866 to 1873, when 111,000people came; from 1879 to 1893, when the figures went over 250,000; andfrom 1900 to 1910, when the numbers totaled about 200,000.Industrialism came earlier in Denmark than in either Norway or Sweden,and the rural upheaval sent people into the cities and towns.But there weresimply not enough jobs for those willing to work, and many artisans andskilled laborers sought opportunities in America [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Some of these womeneventually married and left their jobs, but others remained single.Manyopened bank accounts and provided passage money to bring their brothersand sisters to the United States.Along with the Irish came the Germans.But unlike the Irish, they con-tinued to be the largest ethnic group arriving in all but three of the years be-tween 1854 and 1894.Before the end of the century more than 5 million Ger-mans reached the United States; in the twentieth century another 2 millioncame.The exodus, at first primarily from the rural and agricultural southernand western regions of Germany, fits the general pattern of immigration.Crop failures, high rents, high prices, and the changeover to an industrialeconomy stimulated the move.Conditions were not as bad as in impover-ished Ireland, but they were bad enough.One observer told of the poorwretches on the road to Strasbourg: There they go slowly along; their mis-erable tumbrils drawn by such starved dropping beasts, that your onlywonder is, how can they possibly reach Havre alive. Relatives and friendswho went first to America wrote glowing letters, for the most part, and thisin turn stimulated further waves.Rich farmers who saw a bleak future inGermany, poor ones who had no future, peasants and paupers whom thestate paid to leave, a handful of disappointed revolutionaries after 1848, andan assortment of artisans and professionals came in the 1840s and 1850s.In late 1854 reports circulated in the German states of large numbers ofshipwrecks and cholera epidemics at sea that resulted in death rates as highas 50 percent.At about the same time, nativist agitation in the United States A Wave of Immigrants, 1789 1890s 23reached a peak and the American economy turned downward.These factorsslowed immigration in the late 1850s.Then came the Civil War, which de-terred people already beset with their own troubles from emigrating.Between 1866 and 1873, however, a combination of American prosperityand European depression once again increased German emigration totals.Congressional passage of the 1862 Homestead Act granting free land to set-tlers, the convulsions in the German states owing to Bismarck s wars in the1860s, the high conscription rate, and low wages at home also promptedGerman emigration.When the United States suffered a severe depression be-tween 1873 and 1879, immigration figures were correspondingly depressed.But when the American economy improved, anxious Europeans once againdescended on American shores.Germans who believed that prosperitywould never be theirs at home left in record numbers; in 1882 more than250,000 passed through the immigration stations here.The American de-pressions of the late 1880s and 1893 1894 cut emigration sharply, but bythen an improved industrial economy in Germany provided greater oppor-tunities than in the past, and fewer Germans felt compelled to seek their for-tunes in the New World.Scandinavians the largest northwestern European group, after theBritish, Germans, and Irish, to populate America in the nineteenth cen-tury increased their numbers in the United States markedly after the CivilWar.The first group of nineteenth-century Scandinavians arrived in the au-tumn of 1825, when about 50 Norwegians settled in Kendall, New York,about 30 miles southwest of Rochester.In 1841 a Swedish colony developedin Pine Lake, Wisconsin.During the next decades, Scandinavians continuedto come, but never in the numbers that either the Irish or the Germans did.For example, Scandinavian immigration totaled only 2,830 in 1846 and notmuch more in 1865.After 1868, however, annual immigration from Nor-way, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland passed the 10,000 mark.Jacob Riis, so-cial reformer and friend of Theodore Roosevelt, for example, left Denmarkfor America in 1870.Like so many other immigrants, he arrived with littlebut a pair of strong hands, and stubbornness enough to do for two; [and] alsoa strong belief that in a free country, free from the dominion of custom, ofcaste, as well as of men, things would somehow come right in the end. Other Danes and Scandinavians obviously agreed, for annual immigrationfrom Scandinavia did not fall below 10,000 until the disruptions caused byWorld War I.In the 1920s, when other Europeans resumed their exodus, theScandinavians joined them.As in the case of the Irish and the Germans, Scandinavian immigrationcan be correlated to a large extent with economic conditions at home and inthe United States.Sweden enjoyed a period of good crop production between1850 and 1864; the years between 1865 and 1868, however, culminated in a 24 A Wave of Immigrants, 1789 1890sgreat famine that coincided with particularly bountiful times in the UnitedStates.During those years, the numbers of emigrants increased sharply, dou-bling from 1865 to 1866 and tripling from 9,000 in 1867 to 27,000 in 1868.The exodus from Norway of a large percentage of the nation s entire popula-tion at that time can be explained almost wholly by the industrial transfor-mation and the consequent disruptions at home.Norwegian migration canbe grouped into three significant periods: from 1866 to 1873, when 111,000people came; from 1879 to 1893, when the figures went over 250,000; andfrom 1900 to 1910, when the numbers totaled about 200,000.Industrialism came earlier in Denmark than in either Norway or Sweden,and the rural upheaval sent people into the cities and towns.But there weresimply not enough jobs for those willing to work, and many artisans andskilled laborers sought opportunities in America [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]