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.Their efforts resultedin the repatriation and reburial of hundreds of deceased Pawnee Indians andtribal ancestors.Among these were the Pawnee Scouts, who were reburiedwith full ceremony by the tribe in 1995.With support and help from the U.S.Army, the scouts remains were given a proper military escort fromWashington, D.C., then buried with full military honors.Three tribes attended:the Pawnee, the Arikara, and the Wichita, because the reburial included otherremains from these related tribes.The scouts now rest in the Genoa City Cemetery in Genoa, Nebraska, onthe old reservation lands that the Pawnees held before they were moved toOklahoma.There are also about eight hundred more Pawnees who havebeen returned to the people for proper burial and subsequently reburiedthere.The Pawnee Nation has achieved similar victories from other museumssince then. 66 THE PAWNEEaccepted the assignment to protect the Union Pacific wasbecause of a renegade Cheyenne named Turkey Leg.Not onlywere his Cheyenne bands harassing the Union Pacific tracklay-ers, Turkey Leg had also led a raid on the Genoa reservation in1865, killing Murie s foster parents.The battalion was firstissued Enfield rifles, then the more modern Spencer repeatingrifles, which held seven rounds of ammunition in a tubularmagazine and an eighth round in the chamber.The Spencershad a range of about six hundred yards.The scouts carried theSpencers in a carbine sling, which when not in use allowed therifle to hang by the right hip, muzzle down, leaving the handsfree.The four companies were each assigned specific duties.Onecompany guarded the survey crew; another the grading camp;a third the horse and mule herds.Murie s B Company was incharge of guarding the construction camp and the tracklayers.After the companies were in place, tracklayers were attacked bya band of approximately eight Sioux led by Red Cloud.TheSioux were ambushed by Murie s B Company before they gotwithin range of the tracklayers.Then the Cheyenne attacked,led by the famous warrior Turkey Leg.Murie s forty Pawneesagain repelled the raiders.Murie and his battalion of PawneeScouts helped to ensure peace long enough for the railroad tobe completed.The part the Pawnees played in helping white settlers estab-lish roots in the West did little for them as a nation.The laws ofthe U.S.government would suppress them and all other Indiannations indiscriminately.In the end, all red men were treatedin the same disgraceful way, whether they had been ally, guide,warrior, or scout in their previous dealings with the white man.In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Pawnees hadbeen on generally peaceful terms with the U.S.government.After that, however, U.S.government policy toward NativeAmericans in general seemed bent on assimilating the culturesand annihilating the histories of those who were here before. The Pawnee World Changes Forever 67James R.Murie (center, seated), who was the son of a Scottish-born U.S.Armycaptain, led a company of Pawnee Scouts during the Sioux-Cheyenne war of the1860s.Photographed with Murie are Pawnee scouts Captain Jim and Billy Osborne(sitting), and John Buffalo, John Box, High Eagle, and Seeing Eagle (standing, leftto right).The Major Crimes Act, passed in 1885, dealt with the ques-tion of Native Americans who committed crimes against oneanother.The act provided that any Native American accused ofa major crime, such as murder, came under the jurisdictionof the U.S.government.Without the consent of the Indiannations, their own judicial systems were rendered powerless,their sovereignty swept aside in blatant disregard.In a seeming attempt to help Native Americans in the assimilation process, Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887.Named after its sponsor, Massachusetts senator Henry L.Dawes, this act was also called the General Allotment Act, andserved a twofold purpose.Dawes reasoned that NativeAmericans would be better able to fit in with mainstream 68 THE PAWNEEAmerican culture if they owned land.The act allocated parcelsof the existing reservations to individual male NativeAmericans; this was later changed to include females.Theamount of land allotted depended upon one s age, marital sta-tus, and family condition (orphans under the age of eighteenreceived twice the land of children living with their parents, forexample).One problem with this idea was that, if Native Americanswere given American citizenship and turned into landholders,they could also be taxed.To remove this burden, at least tem-porarily, Dawes included a twenty-five-year period in whichthe U.S.government would hold the allotted lands in trust forthe allottees.This period ostensibly would allow NativeAmericans time to make a profit from farming the land.Theycould also move away and live in cities with non-NativeAmericans and learn how to make a living like the average American.The act provided for education and farminginstruction toward these ends.What white Americans failed to realize was that mostNative Americans did not wish to learn farming the whiteman s way.In any case, much of the land given them for culti-vation was barren wasteland.And when the act broke up reser-vation lands and gave Native Americans ownership ofindividual allotments, unscrupulous speculators could cajoleindividual Indians into selling their plots.Over time, the reser-vations would be eaten away piecemeal, and the land would belost forever.In their ignorance or greed lawmakers, politicians, set-tlers, and others concerned with the Indian problem praisedDawes for his genius.They saw his act as the perfect solution,which would settle the Indian problem once and for all.Theact, however, completely destroyed the sovereignty of theNative American nations over their own people.Thanks to theDawes Act, Native Americans found themselves owning lessland than they had been allocated in the reservation treaties [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Their efforts resultedin the repatriation and reburial of hundreds of deceased Pawnee Indians andtribal ancestors.Among these were the Pawnee Scouts, who were reburiedwith full ceremony by the tribe in 1995.With support and help from the U.S.Army, the scouts remains were given a proper military escort fromWashington, D.C., then buried with full military honors.Three tribes attended:the Pawnee, the Arikara, and the Wichita, because the reburial included otherremains from these related tribes.The scouts now rest in the Genoa City Cemetery in Genoa, Nebraska, onthe old reservation lands that the Pawnees held before they were moved toOklahoma.There are also about eight hundred more Pawnees who havebeen returned to the people for proper burial and subsequently reburiedthere.The Pawnee Nation has achieved similar victories from other museumssince then. 66 THE PAWNEEaccepted the assignment to protect the Union Pacific wasbecause of a renegade Cheyenne named Turkey Leg.Not onlywere his Cheyenne bands harassing the Union Pacific tracklay-ers, Turkey Leg had also led a raid on the Genoa reservation in1865, killing Murie s foster parents.The battalion was firstissued Enfield rifles, then the more modern Spencer repeatingrifles, which held seven rounds of ammunition in a tubularmagazine and an eighth round in the chamber.The Spencershad a range of about six hundred yards.The scouts carried theSpencers in a carbine sling, which when not in use allowed therifle to hang by the right hip, muzzle down, leaving the handsfree.The four companies were each assigned specific duties.Onecompany guarded the survey crew; another the grading camp;a third the horse and mule herds.Murie s B Company was incharge of guarding the construction camp and the tracklayers.After the companies were in place, tracklayers were attacked bya band of approximately eight Sioux led by Red Cloud.TheSioux were ambushed by Murie s B Company before they gotwithin range of the tracklayers.Then the Cheyenne attacked,led by the famous warrior Turkey Leg.Murie s forty Pawneesagain repelled the raiders.Murie and his battalion of PawneeScouts helped to ensure peace long enough for the railroad tobe completed.The part the Pawnees played in helping white settlers estab-lish roots in the West did little for them as a nation.The laws ofthe U.S.government would suppress them and all other Indiannations indiscriminately.In the end, all red men were treatedin the same disgraceful way, whether they had been ally, guide,warrior, or scout in their previous dealings with the white man.In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Pawnees hadbeen on generally peaceful terms with the U.S.government.After that, however, U.S.government policy toward NativeAmericans in general seemed bent on assimilating the culturesand annihilating the histories of those who were here before. The Pawnee World Changes Forever 67James R.Murie (center, seated), who was the son of a Scottish-born U.S.Armycaptain, led a company of Pawnee Scouts during the Sioux-Cheyenne war of the1860s.Photographed with Murie are Pawnee scouts Captain Jim and Billy Osborne(sitting), and John Buffalo, John Box, High Eagle, and Seeing Eagle (standing, leftto right).The Major Crimes Act, passed in 1885, dealt with the ques-tion of Native Americans who committed crimes against oneanother.The act provided that any Native American accused ofa major crime, such as murder, came under the jurisdictionof the U.S.government.Without the consent of the Indiannations, their own judicial systems were rendered powerless,their sovereignty swept aside in blatant disregard.In a seeming attempt to help Native Americans in the assimilation process, Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887.Named after its sponsor, Massachusetts senator Henry L.Dawes, this act was also called the General Allotment Act, andserved a twofold purpose.Dawes reasoned that NativeAmericans would be better able to fit in with mainstream 68 THE PAWNEEAmerican culture if they owned land.The act allocated parcelsof the existing reservations to individual male NativeAmericans; this was later changed to include females.Theamount of land allotted depended upon one s age, marital sta-tus, and family condition (orphans under the age of eighteenreceived twice the land of children living with their parents, forexample).One problem with this idea was that, if Native Americanswere given American citizenship and turned into landholders,they could also be taxed.To remove this burden, at least tem-porarily, Dawes included a twenty-five-year period in whichthe U.S.government would hold the allotted lands in trust forthe allottees.This period ostensibly would allow NativeAmericans time to make a profit from farming the land.Theycould also move away and live in cities with non-NativeAmericans and learn how to make a living like the average American.The act provided for education and farminginstruction toward these ends.What white Americans failed to realize was that mostNative Americans did not wish to learn farming the whiteman s way.In any case, much of the land given them for culti-vation was barren wasteland.And when the act broke up reser-vation lands and gave Native Americans ownership ofindividual allotments, unscrupulous speculators could cajoleindividual Indians into selling their plots.Over time, the reser-vations would be eaten away piecemeal, and the land would belost forever.In their ignorance or greed lawmakers, politicians, set-tlers, and others concerned with the Indian problem praisedDawes for his genius.They saw his act as the perfect solution,which would settle the Indian problem once and for all.Theact, however, completely destroyed the sovereignty of theNative American nations over their own people.Thanks to theDawes Act, Native Americans found themselves owning lessland than they had been allocated in the reservation treaties [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]