[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.8 Kwame Sundaram Jomo (2005), The New Development Economics: Post WashingtonConsensus Neoliberal Thinking, London: Zed Books Ltd; Ben Fine, JonathanPincus and Costas Lapavitsas (eds) (2003), Development Policy in the Twenty FirstCentury: Beyond the Post-Washington Consensus (Routledge Studies in DevelopmentEconomics) London: Routledge; Akira Kohsaka (ed.) (2004), New DevelopmentStrategies: Beyond the Washington Consensus, Basinstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; NarcisSerra and Joseph E.Stiglitz (eds) (2008), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered:Towards a New Global Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.9 David Dollar and Aart Kraay (2001a), Growth Is Good for the Poor , World BankPolicy Research Department Working Paper No.2587 (Washington).This paper canalso be found on the web at http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth; David Dollarand Aart Kraay (2001b), Trade, Growth, and Poverty , World Bank Policy ResearchDepartment Working Paper No.2615 (Washington).This paper can also be found onthe web at http://www.worldbank.org/ research/growth.10 Francisco Rodriguez and Dani Rodrik (2000), Trade Policy and Economic Growth:A Skeptic s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence , in Ben Bernanke and KennethRogoff (eds), NBER Macro Annual 2000, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau ofEconomic Research; see also Charles I.Jones (2002), Introduction to Economic Growth,New York: W.W.Norton & Co Ltd.R.J.Barro (2003), Economic Growth, Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.11 J.Bhagwati (2007), In Defense of Globalization: With a New Afterword, Oxford:Oxford University Press.12 J.E.Stiglitz and A.Charlton (2007), Fair Trade for All: How Trade can PromoteDevelopment, New York: Oxford University Press; J.E.Stiglitz (2007), MakingGlobalization Work, New York: W.W.Norton.13 On Gerschencron, see e.g.http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/tiberg/Poli%20390-week%2010%20-BR/Michael-Gerschenkron.htm; http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/downloads/gesdraftpapers/BobGwynne-Gerschenkron.pdf.See also: Alexander Gerschenkron(1962), Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, A Book of Essays, Cambridge,MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; Alexander Gerschenkron (1968),Continuity in History, and Other Essays, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of HarvardUniversity Press; Gerschenkron, Alexander (1977), An Economic Spurt that Failed:Four Lectures in Austrian History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Alexander 68 Globalization The Juggernaut of the 21st CenturyGerschenkron (1989), Bread and Democracy in Germany with a new foreword byCharles S.Maier, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.14 On social capital and economic development, see J.S.Coleman(1998), Foundations ofSocial Theory, Boston: Harvard University Press and F.Fukuyama (1996), Trust: TheSocial Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York: Free Press. Chapter 4The Asian Miracle:Perhaps Lipset was Wrong aboutAffluence Producing Democracy, orGerschenkron might have PredictedCorrectlyIntroductionGlobal affairs may be more easily handled, if there was convergence uponthe rule of law regime.The hope that rule of law, as democracy, would arriveeverywhere, hinges upon the supposed link between affluence and democracy themodernization hypothesis most well presented by sociologist Seymour MartinLipset.Thus, as the global economy expands and more countries experience thetake-off date for embarking upon modernization, democracy would be more firmlysupported by their populations.The affluence model, accounting for the spreadof constitutional democracy around the globe, was presented in the first editionof Lipset s Political Man in 1959.It received empirical confirmation in statisticalstudies by various scholars.But it was also criticized by Marxist scholars for itssimple mechanism that is linked to the growth of, mainly, the middle classes.ToRueschemeyer, the key role in linking economic development with democracy restswith the working classes and how the industrial proletariat organizes itself.1The so-called latecomers or late industrializers in the global economysubscribed to a theory of economic nationalism that is completely at odds withthe Lipset model.Alexander Gerschenkron, born in 1904 in Odessa, died in1978 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.He was a Russian-born American economichistorian at Harvard, trained in the Austrian School of economics.His early workconcentrated on development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.AlthoughGerschenkron advanced the linear stages theory of economic developmententailing that economic development goes forward in fairly determined stages,he did accept that different periods exhibit different types of development.The coexistence of advanced and backward countries allow the latter to skipstages the former had to go through by adopting their advanced technology,as illustrated by the peculiar paths of industrialization of Japan and the SovietUnion.Gerschenkron postulated that the more backward an economy was atthe outset of development, the more a few conditions could promote growth: 70 Globalization The Juggernaut of the 21st Centuryconsumption would be squeezed in favour of investment (i.e.savings), greaterreliance on banks and other means of directing investment, etc.Yet, if latecomerscan move quickly to affluence, will they adopt democracy?To understand the limits of the affluence model, one may examine so-calledoutliers, meaning countries that take on extreme values on the key variable andthus negating the validity of the model association.Here, two rich countries willbe examined: Singapore and the United Arab Emirates on the one hand, as wellas one poor country, India, on the other hand [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.8 Kwame Sundaram Jomo (2005), The New Development Economics: Post WashingtonConsensus Neoliberal Thinking, London: Zed Books Ltd; Ben Fine, JonathanPincus and Costas Lapavitsas (eds) (2003), Development Policy in the Twenty FirstCentury: Beyond the Post-Washington Consensus (Routledge Studies in DevelopmentEconomics) London: Routledge; Akira Kohsaka (ed.) (2004), New DevelopmentStrategies: Beyond the Washington Consensus, Basinstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; NarcisSerra and Joseph E.Stiglitz (eds) (2008), The Washington Consensus Reconsidered:Towards a New Global Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.9 David Dollar and Aart Kraay (2001a), Growth Is Good for the Poor , World BankPolicy Research Department Working Paper No.2587 (Washington).This paper canalso be found on the web at http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth; David Dollarand Aart Kraay (2001b), Trade, Growth, and Poverty , World Bank Policy ResearchDepartment Working Paper No.2615 (Washington).This paper can also be found onthe web at http://www.worldbank.org/ research/growth.10 Francisco Rodriguez and Dani Rodrik (2000), Trade Policy and Economic Growth:A Skeptic s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence , in Ben Bernanke and KennethRogoff (eds), NBER Macro Annual 2000, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau ofEconomic Research; see also Charles I.Jones (2002), Introduction to Economic Growth,New York: W.W.Norton & Co Ltd.R.J.Barro (2003), Economic Growth, Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.11 J.Bhagwati (2007), In Defense of Globalization: With a New Afterword, Oxford:Oxford University Press.12 J.E.Stiglitz and A.Charlton (2007), Fair Trade for All: How Trade can PromoteDevelopment, New York: Oxford University Press; J.E.Stiglitz (2007), MakingGlobalization Work, New York: W.W.Norton.13 On Gerschencron, see e.g.http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/tiberg/Poli%20390-week%2010%20-BR/Michael-Gerschenkron.htm; http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/downloads/gesdraftpapers/BobGwynne-Gerschenkron.pdf.See also: Alexander Gerschenkron(1962), Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, A Book of Essays, Cambridge,MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; Alexander Gerschenkron (1968),Continuity in History, and Other Essays, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of HarvardUniversity Press; Gerschenkron, Alexander (1977), An Economic Spurt that Failed:Four Lectures in Austrian History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Alexander 68 Globalization The Juggernaut of the 21st CenturyGerschenkron (1989), Bread and Democracy in Germany with a new foreword byCharles S.Maier, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.14 On social capital and economic development, see J.S.Coleman(1998), Foundations ofSocial Theory, Boston: Harvard University Press and F.Fukuyama (1996), Trust: TheSocial Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York: Free Press. Chapter 4The Asian Miracle:Perhaps Lipset was Wrong aboutAffluence Producing Democracy, orGerschenkron might have PredictedCorrectlyIntroductionGlobal affairs may be more easily handled, if there was convergence uponthe rule of law regime.The hope that rule of law, as democracy, would arriveeverywhere, hinges upon the supposed link between affluence and democracy themodernization hypothesis most well presented by sociologist Seymour MartinLipset.Thus, as the global economy expands and more countries experience thetake-off date for embarking upon modernization, democracy would be more firmlysupported by their populations.The affluence model, accounting for the spreadof constitutional democracy around the globe, was presented in the first editionof Lipset s Political Man in 1959.It received empirical confirmation in statisticalstudies by various scholars.But it was also criticized by Marxist scholars for itssimple mechanism that is linked to the growth of, mainly, the middle classes.ToRueschemeyer, the key role in linking economic development with democracy restswith the working classes and how the industrial proletariat organizes itself.1The so-called latecomers or late industrializers in the global economysubscribed to a theory of economic nationalism that is completely at odds withthe Lipset model.Alexander Gerschenkron, born in 1904 in Odessa, died in1978 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.He was a Russian-born American economichistorian at Harvard, trained in the Austrian School of economics.His early workconcentrated on development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.AlthoughGerschenkron advanced the linear stages theory of economic developmententailing that economic development goes forward in fairly determined stages,he did accept that different periods exhibit different types of development.The coexistence of advanced and backward countries allow the latter to skipstages the former had to go through by adopting their advanced technology,as illustrated by the peculiar paths of industrialization of Japan and the SovietUnion.Gerschenkron postulated that the more backward an economy was atthe outset of development, the more a few conditions could promote growth: 70 Globalization The Juggernaut of the 21st Centuryconsumption would be squeezed in favour of investment (i.e.savings), greaterreliance on banks and other means of directing investment, etc.Yet, if latecomerscan move quickly to affluence, will they adopt democracy?To understand the limits of the affluence model, one may examine so-calledoutliers, meaning countries that take on extreme values on the key variable andthus negating the validity of the model association.Here, two rich countries willbe examined: Singapore and the United Arab Emirates on the one hand, as wellas one poor country, India, on the other hand [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]