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.Winstedt, Richard O.A History of Classical Malay Literature.1969.An analysis of Malay literature with good summaries of key literary writings.3Fed_89-158 10/29/06 10:21 AM Page 893 The Emergence of New MuslimInstitutions (1800 to 1945)The nobles all carry [ceremonial daggers] of the commonserpentine form.Those that have the wavy lines on the blade are regarded as the most valuable.The handles are usually made of whale’s teeth, nicely carved; and the scabbards are overlaid with gold.They also wear a belt covered with large diamond-shaped plates of silver, on which are inscribed verses of the [QurΩan].General ContextThe Colonial ExperienceThe Napoleonic Wars at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries were a watershed for European influence and dominance in the Muslim Zone of Southeast Asia.In the eighteenth century the Dutch Company dominated the entire area, with minor competition from the Spanish and British, and occasional forays on the part of the Americans, French, and other Europeans.The poor political position of the Dutch in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, however, gave Great Britain opportunity to change the political and trade environment to its advantage, which was consolidated over the next century.At the same time, governance by trading companies was replaced by administrative systems that organized and ruled as governments did, effectively changing the very nature of the European presence.That power was more pervasive, less tolerant of local rights or lifestyles than the trading companies had been, and intruded itself into nearly all the cultures of the Muslim Zone.The Muslim states that had flourished earlier and survived during the previous era proved unable to withstand this political change and continued to decline.Indigenous political and economic institutions were made subservient to European control, at considerable loss to the local population.Refitting of those local institutions that could be adapted to the European system was imposed, and those practices that stood in the new system’s path were destroyed.In this era the trade routes, per se, were no longer an important consideration in Southeast Asia Islam as they had been in earlier eras.That is not to say the traditional trade routes ceased to exist, for they did continue to be used, with European ships undertaking the principal role of long-dis-893Fed_89-158 10/29/06 10:21 AM Page 9090New Muslim Institutions (1800–1945)tance hauling.Still, there was some minor shipping done by local merchants along the Middle East to China route, but it was of very limited importance.The Muslim trading communities of South Asia were severely and permanently harmed by the change, while those in Southeast Asia were forced into new roles as well.In Southeast Asia the traders had to adjust to a new economic system that drew on Western knowledge and technology to reorient their trade toward the products that would support the market needs of Europe.As a result, economies emerged that were based on large-scale exploitation of natural resources that could be used in the world economy.Hence tea and coffee production, extraction of palm oil, mining of tin and other metals, production of lumber, and the raising of various grains, vegetables, and fruits became important.The theory of dual economies came into play in accordance to which a monetary system relating to the colonizer’s economic sphere operated at one level of society, and a nonmonetary, barter-type economy continued to be used for large areas of local society not affected by international markets.The real impact of this dual system was greatly debated, but was certainly operative in many areas of colonial life throughout the world, and certainly in the Muslim Zone of Southeast Asia.There was a steady growth of the colonial political infrastructure throughout the era, and all five colonial systems—Dutch, English, Spanish, American, and French—showed this growth [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Winstedt, Richard O.A History of Classical Malay Literature.1969.An analysis of Malay literature with good summaries of key literary writings.3Fed_89-158 10/29/06 10:21 AM Page 893 The Emergence of New MuslimInstitutions (1800 to 1945)The nobles all carry [ceremonial daggers] of the commonserpentine form.Those that have the wavy lines on the blade are regarded as the most valuable.The handles are usually made of whale’s teeth, nicely carved; and the scabbards are overlaid with gold.They also wear a belt covered with large diamond-shaped plates of silver, on which are inscribed verses of the [QurΩan].General ContextThe Colonial ExperienceThe Napoleonic Wars at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries were a watershed for European influence and dominance in the Muslim Zone of Southeast Asia.In the eighteenth century the Dutch Company dominated the entire area, with minor competition from the Spanish and British, and occasional forays on the part of the Americans, French, and other Europeans.The poor political position of the Dutch in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, however, gave Great Britain opportunity to change the political and trade environment to its advantage, which was consolidated over the next century.At the same time, governance by trading companies was replaced by administrative systems that organized and ruled as governments did, effectively changing the very nature of the European presence.That power was more pervasive, less tolerant of local rights or lifestyles than the trading companies had been, and intruded itself into nearly all the cultures of the Muslim Zone.The Muslim states that had flourished earlier and survived during the previous era proved unable to withstand this political change and continued to decline.Indigenous political and economic institutions were made subservient to European control, at considerable loss to the local population.Refitting of those local institutions that could be adapted to the European system was imposed, and those practices that stood in the new system’s path were destroyed.In this era the trade routes, per se, were no longer an important consideration in Southeast Asia Islam as they had been in earlier eras.That is not to say the traditional trade routes ceased to exist, for they did continue to be used, with European ships undertaking the principal role of long-dis-893Fed_89-158 10/29/06 10:21 AM Page 9090New Muslim Institutions (1800–1945)tance hauling.Still, there was some minor shipping done by local merchants along the Middle East to China route, but it was of very limited importance.The Muslim trading communities of South Asia were severely and permanently harmed by the change, while those in Southeast Asia were forced into new roles as well.In Southeast Asia the traders had to adjust to a new economic system that drew on Western knowledge and technology to reorient their trade toward the products that would support the market needs of Europe.As a result, economies emerged that were based on large-scale exploitation of natural resources that could be used in the world economy.Hence tea and coffee production, extraction of palm oil, mining of tin and other metals, production of lumber, and the raising of various grains, vegetables, and fruits became important.The theory of dual economies came into play in accordance to which a monetary system relating to the colonizer’s economic sphere operated at one level of society, and a nonmonetary, barter-type economy continued to be used for large areas of local society not affected by international markets.The real impact of this dual system was greatly debated, but was certainly operative in many areas of colonial life throughout the world, and certainly in the Muslim Zone of Southeast Asia.There was a steady growth of the colonial political infrastructure throughout the era, and all five colonial systems—Dutch, English, Spanish, American, and French—showed this growth [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]